1960 ESSEN GRUGAHALLE

Racism and disdain for improvised music in the "motherland of jazz" drove more and more Americans to Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke and Oskar Pettiford, who had already contributed to the development of bebop in the early 1940s, appear here on the occasion of the Jazztage in Essen in 1960, and the saxophonist Coleman Hawkins joined them in the second half of the concert.